Abstract:
Presently huge operation costs arising from aeration and high electron donor requirements accompanied by low metal recovery rates are some impediments to the large-scale application of bioleaching for low-grade ores. The current study investigates key parameters for scaling up anoxic bioleaching, which overcomes some of the above shortcomings, on polymetallic manganese nodules using soil-based manganese-reducing bacterial consortia in a stirred bioreactor. Operating conditions such as carbon source concentration and pulp density were optimized. Parameters like pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and microbial growth were monitored in the bioreactor in both stirred and non-stirred conditions. The Mn(IV) reduction and dissolution in the bioreactor was 27 (+/- 2.8)% over 30 days, which significantly enhanced to 43 (+/- 1.5)% and 42 (+/- 0.35)% in the presence of humic acid and anthraquinone sulfonic acid, respectively, in 15 days. A maximum dissolution of 21 (+/- 4.1)% Cu, 10 (+/- 3.0)% Ni, 18 (+/- 4.7)% Co and 7 (+/- 3.9)% Fe were also obtained with 100 mu M humic acid from the agitated bioreactor in 15 days. The corresponding specific glucose consumption rate per unit mass of ore was found to be 27 mg g-1 day-1, which is 10 times lower than the rates reported previously for aerobic bioleaching methods. The investigation shows that mild agitation can significantly improve the anoxic bioleaching, especially with added electron shuttles, to enable better ore-bacteria interaction and prevent ore compaction during scale-up. The pH and ORP of the system point toward a reductive dissolution of Mn by the organisms.