Evaluating millet biochar as mitigator of pesticide toxicity in soil using biomarkers

Abstract

Pesticide buildup in agricultural soils disrupts ecosystem function by harming soil biota and microbial activity. This study evaluates biochar derived from finger millet biomass as a remediation agent for pesticide contaminated soil. Characterization of the biochar using XRD, SEM, FTIR, and GC-MS revealed a porous structure suitable for adsorbing organic pollutants. Molecular docking showed strong interactions between biochar and the pesticides, dimethoate, and pretilachlor. Biochar application in contaminated soil enhanced total protein content and reduced lipid peroxidation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and catalase (CAT) activities in the earthworm (Eisenia fetida) tissue. Activities of soil exoenzymes: amylase, invertase, and cellulase increased in response to biochar amendment, indicating improved microbial function. These findings suggest that finger millet biochar effectively lowers pesticide toxicity while supporting soil biological recovery, offering a sustainable approach in maintaining soil health.