Advances in next-generation electrochromic supercapacitors: emerging applications, challenges and future perspectives

Abstract

Owing to the vast modernization and population growth, the global energy demand is rapidly increasing. Consequently, the excessive use of fossil fuels has become one of the main environmental pollution concerns, causing global warming. In this case, researchers are focusing their work on efficiently utilizing sustainable and renewable resources. One area of research focuses on electrochromic (Ec) energy storage devices, considering the widespread dependence of modern society on intelligent electronic gadgets, integration of smart windows, displays, etc. Electrochromism reverses the optical properties or colour of certain materials through redox reactions under the influence of an external potential. Recently, it was found out that integration of multi-functionality in a single gadget can result in meaningful applications. It can simultaneously scavenge and store energy as well as visually indicate the storage level through colour changes. This review article discusses the basic principles of electrochromic supercapacitor (EcSc) devices and provides a detailed study on the recent development of different materials for their fabrication. Furthermore, various ideas on developing the next-generation of integrated multifunctional energy storage devices are highlighted for future perspectives.